英语作文开头「精选8篇」

1.英语作文的开头技巧

　　1.开门见山，揭示主题
　　文章一开头，，就交待清楚文章的主题是什么。如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎样度假)的开头是：
　　I Spent my last vacation happily.
　　下面是题为"Honesty"(谈诚实)一文中的开头：
　　Honesty is one of the best virtues.An honest man is always trusted and respected.On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a "liar"，and is looked upon by honest people.
　　2.交代人物、事情、时间或环境开头
　　在文章的开头，先把人物、事件和环境交待清楚。例如"A Trip to Jinshan" (去金山旅游)的开头：
　　The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan. The bus ride there took three hours. The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us.
　　3. 回忆性的开头
　　用回忆的方法来开头。例如"A Trip to the Taishan Mountain"(泰山游)的开头是：
　　I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday.
　　4.概括性的开头
　　即对要在文章中叙述的人或事先作一个概括性的介绍。如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(读书的快乐)的开头：
　　People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world. But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power.
　　5.介绍环境式的开头
　　即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍的事物。如“An Accident”(一场事故)的开头是:
　　It was a rainy and windy morning. The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty. I was on my way back to school. Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner.
　　6.交待写作目的的开头。
　　在文章的一开头就交待写作目的，如通过文章要表扬谁，批评谁，或说明一个什么问题等。如 "Pollution Control" (控制污染)的开头：
　　In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.

2.英语作文的开头技巧

　　1.开门见山，揭示主题
　　文章一开头，，就交待清楚文章的主题是什么。如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎样度假)的开头是：
　　I Spent my last vacation happily.
　　下面是题为"Honesty"(谈诚实)一文中的开头：
　　Honesty is one of the best virtues.An honest man is always trusted and respected.On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a "liar"，and is looked upon by honest people.
　　2.交代人物、事情、时间或环境开头
　　在文章的开头，先把人物、事件和环境交待清楚。例如"A Trip to Jinshan" (去金山旅游)的开头：
　　The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan. The bus ride there took three hours. The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us.
　　3. 回忆性的开头
　　用回忆的方法来开头。例如"A Trip to the Taishan Mountain"(泰山游)的开头是：
　　I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday.
　　4.概括性的开头
　　即对要在文章中叙述的人或事先作一个概括性的介绍。如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(读书的快乐)的开头：
　　People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world. But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power.
　　5.介绍环境式的开头
　　即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍的事物。如“An Accident”(一场事故)的开头是:
　　It was a rainy and windy morning. The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty. I was on my way back to school. Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner.
　　6.交待写作目的的开头。
　　在文章的一开头就交待写作目的，如通过文章要表扬谁，批评谁，或说明一个什么问题等。如 "Pollution Control" (控制污染)的开头：
　　In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.

3.英语作文的开头技巧

　　1.开门见山，揭示主题
　　文章一开头，，就交待清楚文章的主题是什么。如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎样度假)的开头是：
　　I Spent my last vacation happily.
　　下面是题为"Honesty"(谈诚实)一文中的开头：
　　Honesty is one of the best virtues.An honest man is always trusted and respected.On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a "liar"，and is looked upon by honest people.
　　2.交代人物、事情、时间或环境开头
　　在文章的开头，先把人物、事件和环境交待清楚。例如"A Trip to Jinshan" (去金山旅游)的开头：
　　The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan. The bus ride there took three hours. The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us.
　　3. 回忆性的开头
　　用回忆的方法来开头。例如"A Trip to the Taishan Mountain"(泰山游)的开头是：
　　I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday.
　　4.概括性的开头
　　即对要在文章中叙述的人或事先作一个概括性的介绍。如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(读书的快乐)的开头：
　　People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world. But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power.
　　5.介绍环境式的开头
　　即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍的事物。如“An Accident”(一场事故)的开头是:
　　It was a rainy and windy morning. The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty. I was on my way back to school. Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner.
　　6.交待写作目的的开头。
　　在文章的一开头就交待写作目的，如通过文章要表扬谁，批评谁，或说明一个什么问题等。如 "Pollution Control" (控制污染)的开头：
　　In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.

4.中考英语作文开头方式

Type1引述他人观点（为提出自己观点铺垫）

　　      [1] It is widely(commonly) accepted(hold)+THAT 

　　      [2] A widely accepted(commonly) hold idea(point of view,viewpoint, opinion,assumption)is +THAT/NP

　　      [3] A/The dominant(prevalent, prevailing)idea(see [2])is NP/to DO

　　      [4] It is taken for granted+THAT(or:We often/frequently take it for granted THAT)

　　      [5] People(The majority) seem to get accustomed to the idea(see [2]),without questioning,THAT

　　      [6] People are willing to regard NP1 as NP2/ADJ

　　      [7] People are willing to DO,while reluctant to DO

　　      Type2提出异议

　　      [1] However (But),…

　　      [2] Such idea(see[1-2]),if not entirely ADJ1,is somewhat ADJ2 and needs careful consideration.

　　      ADJI=unreasonable,unacceptable, inappropriate,improper,undesirable,

　　      etc;

　　      ADJ2=misleading,doubtrul, etc

　　      [3] In fact(As a matter of fact),…(follow[2])

　　      [4] However, it is not (quite, necessarily)the case.

　　      [5] This (It) is not (quite, necessarily) the case and needs to bo fruther considered/discussed.(or:further consideration/discussion)

　　      Type3论述的展开：说明原因和理由，层进，举例，转折

　　      [1] The reason lies in several aspects,

　　      [2] The reason why+clause+[1, underlined]

　　      [3] There are several remarkable reasons.

　　      [4] 层进in addition, besides, fruthermore, what’s more, on the other hand, meanwhile, for one thing…for another; finally, above all, in short.

　　      [5] 举例for example, for instance, such (general term) as (specific terms),a typical (striking) example is that, a case in point

　　      [6] 转折however, but, nevertheless,on the contrary

　　      [7] 条件if , provided that, unless, as long as,etc

　　      Type4 就…而言；关于

　　      [1] as far as …is/are concemed: As far as current situation is concerned

　　      [2] as t the problem as to NP有关…的问题

　　      Type5问题

　　      [1] Although much effort has been made, the situation is far from satisfactory (or: the problem remains unsolved, little improvement has been achieved)

　　      [2] There is a tendency, as recent study (investigation) has pointed out (shown, revealed, indicated),+THAT

　　      [3] There is growing concern about +NP

　　      [4] It will inevitably (is likely to )result in (lead to ) unwanted (serious) consequence (or NP)

　　      [5] Unfortunately,…

　　      [6] We will not be able to afford the risk of overlooking the seriousness of the matter.

　　      [7] The process, once initiated, is most likely irreversible.

　　      [8] We are constantly (frequently) faced with NP

　　      TYPE6重要与必要；（应）注意与重视

　　      [1] NP1 is of great importance (necessity, value) in NP2 (or: NP is of enormous significance)

　　      [2] The importance (necessity) of NP (to do sth.) lies in (the fact) that…

　　      [3] NP1 plays, as is known, an irreplaceably important role in NP2

　　      [4] The irreplaceably important role NP1 plays in NP2 is significant (obvous)

　　      [5] NP1 is an indispensable part of NP2

　　      [6] It is important (necessary) to DO (or:THAT)

　　      [7] Special attention should be pay to …(or: We should pay special attention to…)

　　      [8] What we should take into consideration is +NP

　　      Type7行动

　　      [1](immediate, emergent, effective) Measures are being taken (has been taken, should be taken) to DO

　　      [3] We have made much effort, there is still more we need to make (cf. We have learnt a lot, there is much more we need to lea123)

　　      Type8二择其一

　　      [1] If it were left for me to decide whether (wh-clause),I would, without hesitation, choose+to DO (or: I would prefer the former/the latter)

　　      [2] To DO/NP is a matter of prerence.

　　      [3] It is difficult to make a choice for one can hardly gain most without losing any.

　　      [4] The difficulty lies in the fact that the advantages and disadvantages of both cases are equally obvious.

　　      [5] In fact, we may well preserve a delicate balance or compromise between the two than go to extreme.

　　      [6] It is not sensible to exclude one of the choices completely

　　      [7] (of two conflicting ideas, concepts) Though conflicting to one another, they are so closely associated that understanding one will be impossible without discussing the other.

　　      [8] The benefits of NP are varied…

　　      [9]While disadvantages are unavoidable, it is the advantages that prevail.a

5.中考英语作文开头方式

Type1引述他人观点（为提出自己观点铺垫）

　　      [1] It is widely(commonly) accepted(hold)+THAT 

　　      [2] A widely accepted(commonly) hold idea(point of view,viewpoint, opinion,assumption)is +THAT/NP

　　      [3] A/The dominant(prevalent, prevailing)idea(see [2])is NP/to DO

　　      [4] It is taken for granted+THAT(or:We often/frequently take it for granted THAT)

　　      [5] People(The majority) seem to get accustomed to the idea(see [2]),without questioning,THAT

　　      [6] People are willing to regard NP1 as NP2/ADJ

　　      [7] People are willing to DO,while reluctant to DO

　　      Type2提出异议

　　      [1] However (But),…

　　      [2] Such idea(see[1-2]),if not entirely ADJ1,is somewhat ADJ2 and needs careful consideration.

　　      ADJI=unreasonable,unacceptable, inappropriate,improper,undesirable,

　　      etc;

　　      ADJ2=misleading,doubtrul, etc

　　      [3] In fact(As a matter of fact),…(follow[2])

　　      [4] However, it is not (quite, necessarily)the case.

　　      [5] This (It) is not (quite, necessarily) the case and needs to bo fruther considered/discussed.(or:further consideration/discussion)

　　      Type3论述的展开：说明原因和理由，层进，举例，转折

　　      [1] The reason lies in several aspects,

　　      [2] The reason why+clause+[1, underlined]

　　      [3] There are several remarkable reasons.

　　      [4] 层进in addition, besides, fruthermore, what’s more, on the other hand, meanwhile, for one thing…for another; finally, above all, in short.

　　      [5] 举例for example, for instance, such (general term) as (specific terms),a typical (striking) example is that, a case in point

　　      [6] 转折however, but, nevertheless,on the contrary

　　      [7] 条件if , provided that, unless, as long as,etc

　　      Type4 就…而言；关于

　　      [1] as far as …is/are concemed: As far as current situation is concerned

　　      [2] as t the problem as to NP有关…的问题

　　      Type5问题

　　      [1] Although much effort has been made, the situation is far from satisfactory (or: the problem remains unsolved, little improvement has been achieved)

　　      [2] There is a tendency, as recent study (investigation) has pointed out (shown, revealed, indicated),+THAT

　　      [3] There is growing concern about +NP

　　      [4] It will inevitably (is likely to )result in (lead to ) unwanted (serious) consequence (or NP)

　　      [5] Unfortunately,…

　　      [6] We will not be able to afford the risk of overlooking the seriousness of the matter.

　　      [7] The process, once initiated, is most likely irreversible.

　　      [8] We are constantly (frequently) faced with NP

　　      TYPE6重要与必要；（应）注意与重视

　　      [1] NP1 is of great importance (necessity, value) in NP2 (or: NP is of enormous significance)

　　      [2] The importance (necessity) of NP (to do sth.) lies in (the fact) that…

　　      [3] NP1 plays, as is known, an irreplaceably important role in NP2

　　      [4] The irreplaceably important role NP1 plays in NP2 is significant (obvous)

　　      [5] NP1 is an indispensable part of NP2

　　      [6] It is important (necessary) to DO (or:THAT)

　　      [7] Special attention should be pay to …(or: We should pay special attention to…)

　　      [8] What we should take into consideration is +NP

　　      Type7行动

　　      [1](immediate, emergent, effective) Measures are being taken (has been taken, should be taken) to DO

　　      [3] We have made much effort, there is still more we need to make (cf. We have learnt a lot, there is much more we need to lea123)

　　      Type8二择其一

　　      [1] If it were left for me to decide whether (wh-clause),I would, without hesitation, choose+to DO (or: I would prefer the former/the latter)

　　      [2] To DO/NP is a matter of prerence.

　　      [3] It is difficult to make a choice for one can hardly gain most without losing any.

　　      [4] The difficulty lies in the fact that the advantages and disadvantages of both cases are equally obvious.

　　      [5] In fact, we may well preserve a delicate balance or compromise between the two than go to extreme.

　　      [6] It is not sensible to exclude one of the choices completely

　　      [7] (of two conflicting ideas, concepts) Though conflicting to one another, they are so closely associated that understanding one will be impossible without discussing the other.

　　      [8] The benefits of NP are varied…

　　      [9]While disadvantages are unavoidable, it is the advantages that prevail.a

6.中考英语作文开头方式

Type1引述他人观点（为提出自己观点铺垫）

　　      [1] It is widely(commonly) accepted(hold)+THAT 

　　      [2] A widely accepted(commonly) hold idea(point of view,viewpoint, opinion,assumption)is +THAT/NP

　　      [3] A/The dominant(prevalent, prevailing)idea(see [2])is NP/to DO

　　      [4] It is taken for granted+THAT(or:We often/frequently take it for granted THAT)

　　      [5] People(The majority) seem to get accustomed to the idea(see [2]),without questioning,THAT

　　      [6] People are willing to regard NP1 as NP2/ADJ

　　      [7] People are willing to DO,while reluctant to DO

　　      Type2提出异议

　　      [1] However (But),…

　　      [2] Such idea(see[1-2]),if not entirely ADJ1,is somewhat ADJ2 and needs careful consideration.

　　      ADJI=unreasonable,unacceptable, inappropriate,improper,undesirable,

　　      etc;

　　      ADJ2=misleading,doubtrul, etc

　　      [3] In fact(As a matter of fact),…(follow[2])

　　      [4] However, it is not (quite, necessarily)the case.

　　      [5] This (It) is not (quite, necessarily) the case and needs to bo fruther considered/discussed.(or:further consideration/discussion)

　　      Type3论述的展开：说明原因和理由，层进，举例，转折

　　      [1] The reason lies in several aspects,

　　      [2] The reason why+clause+[1, underlined]

　　      [3] There are several remarkable reasons.

　　      [4] 层进in addition, besides, fruthermore, what’s more, on the other hand, meanwhile, for one thing…for another; finally, above all, in short.

　　      [5] 举例for example, for instance, such (general term) as (specific terms),a typical (striking) example is that, a case in point

　　      [6] 转折however, but, nevertheless,on the contrary

　　      [7] 条件if , provided that, unless, as long as,etc

　　      Type4 就…而言；关于

　　      [1] as far as …is/are concemed: As far as current situation is concerned

　　      [2] as t the problem as to NP有关…的问题

　　      Type5问题

　　      [1] Although much effort has been made, the situation is far from satisfactory (or: the problem remains unsolved, little improvement has been achieved)

　　      [2] There is a tendency, as recent study (investigation) has pointed out (shown, revealed, indicated),+THAT

　　      [3] There is growing concern about +NP

　　      [4] It will inevitably (is likely to )result in (lead to ) unwanted (serious) consequence (or NP)

　　      [5] Unfortunately,…

　　      [6] We will not be able to afford the risk of overlooking the seriousness of the matter.

　　      [7] The process, once initiated, is most likely irreversible.

　　      [8] We are constantly (frequently) faced with NP

　　      TYPE6重要与必要；（应）注意与重视

　　      [1] NP1 is of great importance (necessity, value) in NP2 (or: NP is of enormous significance)

　　      [2] The importance (necessity) of NP (to do sth.) lies in (the fact) that…

　　      [3] NP1 plays, as is known, an irreplaceably important role in NP2

　　      [4] The irreplaceably important role NP1 plays in NP2 is significant (obvous)

　　      [5] NP1 is an indispensable part of NP2

　　      [6] It is important (necessary) to DO (or:THAT)

　　      [7] Special attention should be pay to …(or: We should pay special attention to…)

　　      [8] What we should take into consideration is +NP

　　      Type7行动

　　      [1](immediate, emergent, effective) Measures are being taken (has been taken, should be taken) to DO

　　      [3] We have made much effort, there is still more we need to make (cf. We have learnt a lot, there is much more we need to lea123)

　　      Type8二择其一

　　      [1] If it were left for me to decide whether (wh-clause),I would, without hesitation, choose+to DO (or: I would prefer the former/the latter)

　　      [2] To DO/NP is a matter of prerence.

　　      [3] It is difficult to make a choice for one can hardly gain most without losing any.

　　      [4] The difficulty lies in the fact that the advantages and disadvantages of both cases are equally obvious.

　　      [5] In fact, we may well preserve a delicate balance or compromise between the two than go to extreme.

　　      [6] It is not sensible to exclude one of the choices completely

　　      [7] (of two conflicting ideas, concepts) Though conflicting to one another, they are so closely associated that understanding one will be impossible without discussing the other.

　　      [8] The benefits of NP are varied…

　　      [9]While disadvantages are unavoidable, it is the advantages that prevail.a

7.中考英语作文开头方式

Type1引述他人观点（为提出自己观点铺垫）

　　      [1] It is widely(commonly) accepted(hold)+THAT 

　　      [2] A widely accepted(commonly) hold idea(point of view,viewpoint, opinion,assumption)is +THAT/NP

　　      [3] A/The dominant(prevalent, prevailing)idea(see [2])is NP/to DO

　　      [4] It is taken for granted+THAT(or:We often/frequently take it for granted THAT)

　　      [5] People(The majority) seem to get accustomed to the idea(see [2]),without questioning,THAT

　　      [6] People are willing to regard NP1 as NP2/ADJ

　　      [7] People are willing to DO,while reluctant to DO

　　      Type2提出异议

　　      [1] However (But),…

　　      [2] Such idea(see[1-2]),if not entirely ADJ1,is somewhat ADJ2 and needs careful consideration.

　　      ADJI=unreasonable,unacceptable, inappropriate,improper,undesirable,

　　      etc;

　　      ADJ2=misleading,doubtrul, etc

　　      [3] In fact(As a matter of fact),…(follow[2])

　　      [4] However, it is not (quite, necessarily)the case.

　　      [5] This (It) is not (quite, necessarily) the case and needs to bo fruther considered/discussed.(or:further consideration/discussion)

　　      Type3论述的展开：说明原因和理由，层进，举例，转折

　　      [1] The reason lies in several aspects,

　　      [2] The reason why+clause+[1, underlined]

　　      [3] There are several remarkable reasons.

　　      [4] 层进in addition, besides, fruthermore, what’s more, on the other hand, meanwhile, for one thing…for another; finally, above all, in short.

　　      [5] 举例for example, for instance, such (general term) as (specific terms),a typical (striking) example is that, a case in point

　　      [6] 转折however, but, nevertheless,on the contrary

　　      [7] 条件if , provided that, unless, as long as,etc

　　      Type4 就…而言；关于

　　      [1] as far as …is/are concemed: As far as current situation is concerned

　　      [2] as t the problem as to NP有关…的问题

　　      Type5问题

　　      [1] Although much effort has been made, the situation is far from satisfactory (or: the problem remains unsolved, little improvement has been achieved)

　　      [2] There is a tendency, as recent study (investigation) has pointed out (shown, revealed, indicated),+THAT

　　      [3] There is growing concern about +NP

　　      [4] It will inevitably (is likely to )result in (lead to ) unwanted (serious) consequence (or NP)

　　      [5] Unfortunately,…

　　      [6] We will not be able to afford the risk of overlooking the seriousness of the matter.

　　      [7] The process, once initiated, is most likely irreversible.

　　      [8] We are constantly (frequently) faced with NP

　　      TYPE6重要与必要；（应）注意与重视

　　      [1] NP1 is of great importance (necessity, value) in NP2 (or: NP is of enormous significance)

　　      [2] The importance (necessity) of NP (to do sth.) lies in (the fact) that…

　　      [3] NP1 plays, as is known, an irreplaceably important role in NP2

　　      [4] The irreplaceably important role NP1 plays in NP2 is significant (obvous)

　　      [5] NP1 is an indispensable part of NP2

　　      [6] It is important (necessary) to DO (or:THAT)

　　      [7] Special attention should be pay to …(or: We should pay special attention to…)

　　      [8] What we should take into consideration is +NP

　　      Type7行动

　　      [1](immediate, emergent, effective) Measures are being taken (has been taken, should be taken) to DO

　　      [3] We have made much effort, there is still more we need to make (cf. We have learnt a lot, there is much more we need to lea123)

　　      Type8二择其一

　　      [1] If it were left for me to decide whether (wh-clause),I would, without hesitation, choose+to DO (or: I would prefer the former/the latter)

　　      [2] To DO/NP is a matter of prerence.

　　      [3] It is difficult to make a choice for one can hardly gain most without losing any.

　　      [4] The difficulty lies in the fact that the advantages and disadvantages of both cases are equally obvious.

　　      [5] In fact, we may well preserve a delicate balance or compromise between the two than go to extreme.

　　      [6] It is not sensible to exclude one of the choices completely

　　      [7] (of two conflicting ideas, concepts) Though conflicting to one another, they are so closely associated that understanding one will be impossible without discussing the other.

　　      [8] The benefits of NP are varied…

　　      [9]While disadvantages are unavoidable, it is the advantages that prevail.a

8.中考英语作文的6种开头模板

　　一篇文章通常可分为三个部分，即开头、正文和结尾。这三个部分安排是否得体，直接影响到文章的质量。 

　　文章的开头一般来说应尽量做到开门见山，用简单明白的叙述引出文章的话题，使读者了解文章要谈论什么，一下于引起读者的兴趣。 

　　作文常见的开头形式大致有以下几种： 

　　1．开门见山，揭示主题 

　　文章一开头，就交待清楚文章的主题是什么。如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎样度假)的开头是： 

　　I Spent my last vacation happily． 

　　下面是题为"Honesty"(谈诚实)一文中的开头： 

　　Honesty is one of the best virtues．An honest man is always trusted and respected．On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a "liar"，and is looked upon by honest people． 

　　2．交代人物、事情、时间或环境开头 

　　在文章的开头，先把人物、事件和环境交待清楚。例如"A Trip to Jinshan" (去金山旅游)的开头： 

　　The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan. The bus ride there took three hours. The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us. 

　　3. 回忆性的开头 

　　用回忆的方法来开头。例如"A Trip to the Taishan Mountain"(泰山游)的开头是： 

　　I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday. 

　　4．概括性的开头 

　　即对要在文章中叙述的人或事先作一个概括性的介绍。如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(读书的快乐)的开头： 

　　People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world. But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power. 

　　5．介绍环境式的开头 

　　即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍的事物。如“An Accident”(一场事故)的开头是: 

　　It was a rainy and windy morning. The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty. I was on my way back to school. Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner. 

　　6．交待写作目的的开头。 

　　在文章的一开头就交待写作目的，如通过文章要表扬谁，批评谁，或说明一个什么问题等。如 "Pollution Control" (控制污染)的开头： 

　　In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.